Audio Channel Mismatch

Detection approach

AudioContext destination.maxChannelCount is 1 (mono) on a desktop User-Agent. Real desktop sound cards expose at least 2 channels (stereo). Mono output on desktop is a signature of virtualized audio drivers or headless containers without a physical DAC.

How this helps detect bots

This signal is assessed with other independent session, browser, and network evidence. A single anomaly is a lead, not a verdict; corroborating anomalies make automated traffic more likely.

Legitimate traffic to consider

Virtual machines with mono sound drivers, or systems with custom virtual audio routing.